Table 2 ECG, echocardiographic, and speckle tracking parameters in epilepsy patients and controls

From: Subclinical cardiac dysfunction detected by speckle-tracking echocardiography in children with drug-resistant epilepsy

Parameter

Controls

(N = 30)

Drug-responsive

(N = 30)

Drug-resistant

(N = 30)

Overall p

p1

(C vs. R)

p2

(C vs. DR)

p3

(R vs. DR)

Heart Rate (bpm)a

90 ± 11

89 ± 13

93 ± 10

0.373

0.977

0.512

0.392

PR interval (ms)b

160.0 (143.0– 181.0)

164.0 (144.0– 178.0)

160.0 (142.0–181.0)

0.985

0.865

0.894

0.976

QTc interval (ms)b

378.5 (359.0–411.0)

385.5 (366.0–420.0)

388.5 (374.0–405.0)

0.769

0.478

0.594

0.965

Normal ST segment

30 (100%)

30 (100%)

30 (100%)

–

–

–

–

PVCs/PACs

1 (3.3%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (3.3%)

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

LVEDV (ml)b

61.15 (40.7–74.3)

48.65 (36.4–55.1)

33.85 (21.2–51.8)

<0.001***

0.015*

<0.001***

0.017*

LVESV (ml)b

28.2 (18.9–35.1)

24.5 (19.2–28.2)

17.75 (13.4–33.0)

0.044*

0.287

0.015*

0.137

FS (%)a

37.97 ± 3.74

35.57 ± 3.27

34.967 ± 4.958

0.013*

0.062

0.014*

0.834

EF (%)a

68.16 ± 1.43

67.33 ± 1.56

66.20 ± 2.348

<0.001***

0.186

<0.001***

0.049*

LV GLS (%)a

−20.58 ± 0.91

−20.33 ± 1.45

−19.34 ± 1.80

0.003**

0.783

0.003**

0.023*

  1. Bold values indicate statistically significant results (p < 0.05).
  2. – No statistical test performed due to identical values across groups.
  3. bpm beats per minute, C controls, DR drug-resistant epilepsy, EF ejection fraction, FS fractional shortening, LV GLS left ventricular global longitudinal strain, LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVESV left ventricular end-systolic volume, PVCs/PACs premature ventricular/atrial contractions, R drug-responsive epilepsy.
  4. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.
  5. aData presented as mean ± SD (normally distributed).
  6. bData presented as median (interquartile range) (non-parametric).
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