Fig. 1

IDO1 and TDO were expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and codistributed with CD3-positive lymphocytes and CD68-positive macrophages in patients with advanced atherosclerosis. a Pathological changes of the coronary artery were revealed by HE staining (×400). b, c IDO1, TDO and the lymphocyte marker CD3 were detected in atherosclerotic lesions by immunostaining analysis (×400). d, e IDO1, TDO and the monocyte marker CD68 were detected in atherosclerotic lesions by immunostaining analysis (×400). The top panel in b–e exhibits an enlarged view of the representative region in the bottom panel