Fig. 4 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 4

From: Demystifying the manipulation of host immunity, metabolism, and extraintestinal tumors by the gut microbiome

Fig. 4

Effects of gut microbiome-derived TRP metabolites on distant organs. Microbially derived metabolites can systemically influence remote tissues, such as the brain, pancreas, and liver. Microbial tryptophan TRP metabolites suppress the proinflammatory activity of astrocytes to inhibit CNS inflammation. TRP metabolites also increase Treg cells while decreasing effector T cells to prevent autoimmunity diabetes. I3A elicits overall instrumental immune effects to inhibit hepatic inflammation via diminishing the generation of proinflammatory cytokines (such as TGF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1)

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