Fig. 6

The crosstalk between the gut microbiome and CD4+ T cells as well as ILC3s. The specific gut microbiome is sufficient to induce the development of Treg, Th17, and Th1 cells, as well as IgA secretion by plasma B cells. ILC3s play a central role in such an immune network to maintain gut homeostasis through the exclusion of pathogens, maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and anti-inflammatory effects