Table 2 The development of vaccine candidates in phase 1 or phase 2 clinical stage

The inactivated vaccines

Inactivated

Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

Phase 1/2

2

0, 28 days

Inactivated

Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan

Phase 1/2

2

0, 21 days

Whole-Virion Inactivated

Bharat Biotech

Phase 2

2

0, 14 days

mRNA

Curevac

Phase 2

2

0, 28 days

RNA vaccines

mRNA

Arcturus/Duke-NUS

Phase 1/2

N/A

N/A

LNP-nCoVsaRNA

Imperial College London

Phase 1

2

N/A

mRNA

People’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech.

Phase 1

2

0, 14 or 0, 28 days

DNA vaccines

DNA plasmid vaccine with electroporation

Inovio Pharmaceuticals/ International Vaccine Institute

Phase 1/2

2

0, 28 days

DNA plasmid vaccine + Adjuvant

Osaka University/ AnGes/ Takara Bio

Phase 1/2

2

0, 14 days

DNA plasmid vaccine

Cadila Healthcare Limited

Phase 1/2

3

0, 28, 56 days

DNA Vaccine (GX-19)

Genexine Consortium

Phase 1/2

2

0, 28 days

Non-replicating viral vector

Replication defective Simian

Adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S

ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells

Phase 1

1

N/A

Replicating viral vector

Measles-vector based

Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme

Phase 1

1 or 2

0, 28 days

Intranasal flu-based-RBD

Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/Xiamen University

Phase 1

1

N/A

Protein subunit

Full-length recombinant SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M

Novavax

Phase 2

2

0, 21 days

Adjuvanted recombinant protein (RBD-Dimer)

Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Phase 2

2 or 3

0, 28 or 0, 28, 56 days

RBD-based

Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc

Phase 1/2

2

0, 21 days

S protein (baculovirus production)

Sanofi Pasteur/GSK

Phase 1/2

2

0, 21 days

Recombinant trimeric subunit S protein vaccine

Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax

Phase 1

2

0, 21 days

Recombinant S protein with Advax™ adjuvant

Vaxine Pty Ltd/Medytox

Phase 1

1

N/A

Molecular clamp stabilized S protein with MF59 adjuvant

University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus

Phase 1

2

0, 28 days

S-2P protein + CpG 1018

Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax

Phase 1

2

0, 28 days

RBD + Adjuvant

Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba

Phase 1

2

0, 28 days

Peptide

FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo

Phase 1

2

0, 21 days

RBD (baculovirus production expressed in Sf9 cells)

West China Hospital, Sichuan University

Phase 1

2

0, 28 days

SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides

University Hospital Tuebingen

Phase 1

1

N/A

VLP

Plant-derived VLP adjuvanted with GSK or Dynavax adjs.

Medicago Inc.

Phase 1

2

0, 21 days