Table 1 Various biomarkers of cancer stem cells in human cancers

Breast

CD29⁺⁶⁵⁸,

CD49f⁺⁶⁵⁹,

CD90⁺⁶⁶⁰,

CD133⁺⁶⁶¹,

ALDH⁺⁶⁶²,

ESA⁺/CD44⁺/CD24,⁶⁶³

CD44⁺/CD24⁻⁶⁶⁴

ALDH: An enzyme that plays a role in cell resistance⁶⁶⁵

CD44: A glycoprotein involves in cell migration and self-renewal⁶⁶⁶

CD90: A glycoprotein participates in T cell adhesion and signal transduction⁶⁶⁷

CD133: A transmembrane glycoprotein that maintains lipid composition in cell membranes⁶⁶⁸

CD24: A marker that promotes blood flow in the tumor during metastasis⁶⁶⁹

CD49f: A membrane proteins of the integrin family that plays an important role in cell surface adhesion and signaling⁶⁷⁰

Prostate

EpCAM⁺⁶⁷¹,

CD117⁺⁶⁷²,

α2β1⁺³¹,

ALDH⁺⁴²,

CD44⁺⁶⁷³,

EZH2⁺⁶⁷⁴,

CXCR4⁺⁶⁷⁵,

E-cadherin⁺⁶⁷⁶,

CD133⁺⁶⁷⁷

α2β1: A receptor involves in cell adhesion and recognition³¹

E-cadherin: It plays an important role in tumor migration and invasion⁶⁷⁶

CXCR4: CXC chemokine receptor works with CD4 protein to support HIV entry into cells⁶⁷⁵

EZH2: A member of the Polycomb family plays an vital role in the central nervous system⁶⁷⁴

Brain

CD49f⁺⁶⁷⁸,

CD90⁺⁶⁷⁹,

CD44⁺⁶⁸⁰,

CD36⁺⁶⁸¹,

EGFR⁺⁶⁸²,

A2B5⁺⁶⁸³,

L1CAM⁺⁶⁸⁴,

CD133^+41,685

CD36: The main glycoprotein on the surface of platelet has an important function as an adhesion molecule⁶⁸⁶

EGFR: It binds to epidermal growth factor and promote proliferative migration in tumors⁶⁸²

A2B5: A ganglioside marker that identifies subpopulations of nerve cells in the central nervous system⁶⁸⁷

L1CAM: A adhesion molecule that plays an important role in the development of the nervous system include neuronal migration and differentiation⁶⁸⁴

Stomach

ALDH⁺⁶⁸⁸, CD44⁺⁶⁸⁹,

CD44V8–10⁺⁶⁹⁰,

CD133⁺⁶⁹¹, CD24⁺⁶⁹²,

CD54⁺⁶⁹³, CD90⁺⁶⁹⁴,

CD49f⁺⁶⁷⁸ CD71⁺⁶⁹⁵,

EpCAM⁺⁶⁹⁶

CD44V8–10: A variant of CD44 with a specific class of CSCs⁶⁹⁰

CD54: A class of adhesion molecules express in malignant tumor cells⁶⁹³

Colorectal

CD200⁺⁶⁹⁷, EpCAM⁺⁶⁹⁸,

CD133⁺⁶⁹⁹, CD166⁺,

CD206⁺⁷⁰⁰, CD44⁺⁷⁰¹, CD49f⁺⁶⁷⁸, ALDH⁺⁷⁰²

CD200: A glycoprotein plays an important role in the regulation of immunosuppression and anti-tumor activity⁷⁰³

CD166: It binds to the T cell differentiation antigen CD6 and involves in cell adhesion and migration processes⁷⁰⁴

CD206: A mannose receptor involves in endocytosis, phagocytosis, and immune homeostasis⁷⁰⁰

EpCAM: It expresses on most normal epithelial cells and gastrointestinal cancers, and acts as a homotypic calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule⁷⁰⁵

Liver

CD24⁺⁷⁰⁶, CD133⁺⁷⁰⁷,

CD13⁺⁷⁰⁸, CD44⁺⁷⁰⁹,

CD206⁺⁷⁰⁰, OV-6⁺⁷⁰⁸,

CD90⁺⁷¹⁰, EpCAM⁺⁷¹¹

CD13: A receptor for human coronavirus strains, which is the main cause of upper respiratory tract infection and leukemia⁷¹²

OV-6: A marker for rat oval cells and hepatic stem cells⁷⁰⁸

AML

CD34⁺,

CD38⁻,

CD90⁺,

CD71⁺,

CD19⁺,

CD20⁺,

CD44⁺,

CD10⁺,

CD45RA⁺,

CD123⁺¹⁵

CD34: It plays a role in the attachment of stem cells to bone marrow extracellular or stromal cells⁷¹³

CD38: An intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization messenger, prognostic markers for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia⁷¹⁴

CD71: A transferrin receptor is important for nerve development⁷¹⁵

CD19: A class of signal transduction molecules regulate B lymphocyte differentiation⁷¹⁶

CD20: The protein plays a role in the development and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells⁷¹⁷

CD10: It inhibits a variety of peptide hormones, include glucagon, encephalin, oxytocin, and bradykinin⁷¹⁸

CD45RA: A class of leukocyte activation regulators⁷¹⁹

CD123: An interleukin-specific subunit of a heterodimeric cytokine receptor⁷²⁰

Melanoma

CD20⁺⁷²¹, CD271^+,722,

ALDH⁺⁷²³, CD133⁺⁷²⁴

CD271: A nerve growth factor receptor mediates cell survival and cell death in nerve cells⁷²⁵

Bladder

CD44v6⁺⁷²⁶, CD44⁺⁷²⁷,

ALDH⁺⁷²⁸

CD44v6: It involves in cell migration, cell adhesion⁷²⁹

Ovarian

CD24⁺⁷³⁰, ALDH^+,731,

CD44⁺/CD117⁺⁷³²,

EpCAM⁺⁷³³, CD133⁺⁷³⁴

CD117: A class of transmembrane receptors is also known as stem cell factors⁷³⁵

Pancreas

ALDH⁺⁷³⁶, CD133⁺³⁰,

CD44⁺/CD24⁺/EpCAM⁺¹⁷,

ABCG2⁺⁷³⁷, CXCR4^+,738

ABCG2: A class of membrane proteins belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily that plays a role in the drug resistance properties of CSCs

HNSCC

ALDH⁺⁷³⁹, CD44^+,740,

CD166⁺⁷⁴¹

Gallbladder

CD44⁺/CD133⁺⁷⁴²

RCC

CD133⁺⁷⁴³, ALDH^+,743,

CXCR4⁺⁷⁴³, CD44^+,744,

CD105⁺²³

CD105: TGF receptor that involves in TGF-β signaling plays a role in angiogenesis⁷⁴⁵

Lung

CD166⁺⁷⁴⁶, CD90^+,747,

CD87⁺⁷⁴⁸, ALDH^+,749,

CD44⁺⁷⁵⁰, CD133⁺⁷⁵¹

CD87: A receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator that affects many normal and pathological processes associates with cell surface plasminogen activation and local degradation of extracellular matrices⁷⁴⁸

Malignant mesothelioma

CD9⁺,

CD24⁺,

CD26⁺⁷⁵²

CD9: A glycoprotein plays a role in many cellular processes, includes differentiation, adhesion and signal transduction, and plays a key role in cancer cell movement and metastasis⁷⁵³

CD26: A class of serine exopeptidases is also an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein⁷⁵⁴

OSCC

CD44⁺/CD24,⁻⁷⁵⁵

ITGA7⁺⁷⁵⁶

ITGA7: A integrin plays a role in cell migration, morphogenesis, differentiation, and metastasis and participates in the process of differentiation and migration during myogenesis⁷⁵⁷

cSCC

CD44⁺⁷⁵⁸, CD133⁺⁷⁵⁹

Esophageal

ITGA7⁺, CD44⁺,

ALDH⁺, CD133⁺,

CD90⁺²⁹⁷

MM

CD138−,

CD19⁺,

CD27^+760,761

CD138: A member of the Syndecan proteoglycan family that involves in cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell–matrix interactions⁷⁶²

CD27: A transmembrane glycoprotein involves in the regulation of B cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis⁷⁶³

Cervix

ABCG2⁺, CD133⁺, CD49f⁺⁷⁶⁴, ALDH⁺⁷⁶⁵

Nasopharyngeal

CD44⁺⁷⁶⁶, CD133⁺⁷⁶⁷, ALDH⁺⁷⁶⁸, CD24⁺⁷⁶⁹

Laryngeal

ALDH⁺, CD44⁺⁷⁷⁰, CD133⁺⁷⁷¹