Table 2 Potential drugs and vaccines against three coronaviruses

Potential virally targeted agents

Potential drugs inhibiting cell entry

CP-1

Griffithsin

CSS-2,3,4,5

HR2P

sDPP4

7D10

EK1

EK1C4

Griffithsin

CSS-2,3,4,5

^{34,100,111,113,115,164,165}

nAbs

CR3022

m396

80R

33G4

m336

MERS-4

MERS-27

CR3022

^{160,161,162,163}

Protease inhibitors

Remdesivir

Ribavirin

Galidesivir

Lopinavir

Bananins

5-Hydroxychromone

derivatives

Disulfiram

Favipiravir

Ribavirin

Penciclovir

Remdesivir

Lopinavir

Ritonavir

Darunavir

Remdesivir

Ribavirin Galidesivir

Lopinavir Ritonavir

Camostat Mesylate

^{34,111,121,122}

Viral RNA synthesis blockers

Remdesivir

¹¹⁷

Ribavirin

Galidesivir (BCX4430)

Favipiravir (T-705)

^{14,34,41,108,115,122,126}

Other agents

Convalescent plasma

¹⁰⁸

Corticosteroids

6-mercaptopurine-6-thioguaninet

IFNα

Antiviral treatments

IFNα

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)

Mycophenolic acid

Nitazoxamide

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)

^{14,19,38,41,59,122,133,134}

Potential host-targeted agents

Pegylated interferon alfa-2a; Pegylated interferon alfa-2b; Metformin; Glitazones; Fibrates; Sartans; Atorvastin; nutrient supplements; biologics; cellular therapies; IFNα together with immunoglobulins or thymosins;

^34,39,136

Cathepsin B cathepsinL

Camostat

Chloroquine

^{14,34,100,134}

Spike-based vaccines

A recombinant fusion protein (designated RBD-Fc) containing 193-amino acid RBD and a human IgG1 Fc fragment

Simian adenovirus vector vaccine (ChAdOx1);an Ad vector encoding MERS-CoV S1 extracellular domain (Ad5.MERS-S1);an RABV vector encoding S1 elicit antibody;RBD-based vaccines

^{61,138,139,140}