Fig. 5 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 5

From: Sequential infection with H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 aggravated COVID-19 pathogenesis in a mammalian model, and co-vaccination as an effective method of prevention of COVID-19 and influenza

Fig. 5

Comparison of cellular and humoral immunity among flu-vaccinated, SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated, or simultaneously immunized K18-hACE2 mice. a Flu vaccine immunized mice (K18/FV), PiCoVacc (whole SARS-CoV-2-inactivated vaccine) immunized mice (K18/CV), and simultaneously immunized mice (K18/FCV). H1N1-infected K18-hACE2 mice (K18/FM) and SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice (K18/CM) were used as infected controls. b Neutralizing antibody titers were measured in immunized K18-hACE2 mice (n = 3). c Percentages of memory CD4+/CD8+ T-cell subsets from peripheral blood in co-infected mice (n = 4). d Changes in body weight and percent survival of mice immunized against SARS-CoV-2 or H1N1 infection at the indicated time points (n = 6, left panel). The viral RNA loads of H1N1 or SARS-CoV-2 were quantified at 5 dpi (n = 6, middle panel). The titers of neutralizing antibodies in K18-hACE2 mice (with or without vaccine immunization) before and after H1N1 or SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 6, right panel). Significant differences are indicated with asterisks (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; Student’s t test)

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