Fig. 2 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 2

From: Technological advances in cancer immunity: from immunogenomics to single-cell analysis and artificial intelligence

Fig. 2The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Development of single-cell spatial technologies: from germination to maturity. (1) Initiation stage: H&E staining, a conventional but significant method that clearly demonstrates the cellular and tissue structure but underperforms in the discrimination of immune cells. (2) Growing stage: The specific binding of antibodies and antigens drove the spatial technologies to a new height as represented by IHC and IF. In addition, multiplex IHC/IF technologies allow the detection of multiple markers simultaneously on a single slice, improving our understanding of the TIME spatial architecture. (3) Mature stage: Given that the spectral overlap limits the further application of mIHC/IF, utilizing dye cycling is a main optimization strategy in which only two or three antibodies are imaged by fluorescence microscopy in each cycle. Then, the fluorophores are cleaved and washed, and this cycle is repeated until all antibodies are imaged, such as CODEX, MxIF, and MELC. Also, IMC and MIBI-TOF utilize mental-conjugated antibodies to eliminate confounding factors, such as spectral overlap, and are also promising. (4) Postmature stage: Combining high-resolution spatial information with single-cell expression data, spatial transcriptomics, slide-seq, HDST, etc. explore brand-new ideas for the characterization of the spatial architecture. CODEX codetection by indexing, HDST high-definition spatial transcriptome, H&E hematoxylin-eosin, IF immunofluorescence, IHC immunohistochemistry, IMC imaging mass cytometry, MELC multiepitope ligand cartography, MIBI-TOF multiplexed ion beam imaging by time-of-flight, MxIF multiplexed fluorescence microscopy method

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