Table 4 Clinical significance of immunomics technologies
Category | Representative technique | Example of clinical relevance | Cancer type | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk sequencing | Abnormal peptides prediction | Developing tumor neoantigen vaccines | Melanoma | |
HLA typing | Glioblastoma | |||
MHC-antigen binding affinity | Melanoma, NSCLC | |||
Conventional staining on pathological slides | Immunohistochemistry Immunofluorescence | Detecting immunotherapy biomarkers, such as PD-L1 and TILs | Multiple cancer types | |
Single-cell technologies | CyTOF | Identifying multiple prognosis-correlated T cell and macrophage phenotypes | Renal cell carcinoma | |
Revealing immune cell heterogeneity between glioma and brain metastases | Brain cancer | |||
Discovering distinct liver TIME driving resistance to immunotherapy | Liver metastatic cancer | |||
MIBI-TOF | Dissecting the spatial architecture of the TIME as a promising immunotherapy biomarker | Triple-negative breast cancer | ||
Single-cell transcriptomics | ILCregs indicate a poor prognosis | Colorectal cancer | ||
TNFRSF9 + Treg cells refer to a poor prognosis | Lung adenocarcinoma | |||
CLEC9A + DC represents a better clinical outcome | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | |||
TCF1-PD1 + T cells correlate to sensitive to immunotherapy | Melanoma | |||
CD11b + F4/80+ macrophages lead to resistance to immunotherapy | Liver metastatic cancer | |||
CCL22 + cDC1 cells are related to sensitivity to CD40 agonist therapy | Colon cancer | |||
Cytotoxic CD4 + T cells serve as a biomarker of responders of anti-PD-L1 treatment | Bladder cancer | |||
Artificial intelligence | Radiomics | Radiomics signature predicts immunotherapy biomarker “CytAct” | Lung adenocarcinoma | |
Radiomics signature predicts immunotherapy biomarker TMB | NSCLC | |||
Radiomics signature predicts chemotherapy biomarker “ImmunoScore“ | gastric cancer | |||
Radiomics signature predicts response to immunotherapy | Multiple cancer types | |||
Digital pathology | Discovering the relationship between the number of immune cold regions and tumor relapse risk | Lung adenocarcinoma |
