Fig. 4

Activated pathways in DCs stimulated by XPa and the immune response during immunization and infection. a The activated pathways in DCs induced by XPa. TLR4 recognizes LPS, TLR5 recognizes the flagellin protein, the cGAS-STING pathway is stimulated by nucleic acids, and TLR9 recognizes CpG (which was not detected in XPa). MyD88 can activate IRF3 through the TBK1 protein in TLR4 signaling, thus increasing downstream gene expression (MyD88–TBK1-independent genes). b The immune response during immunization and infection. Upon encountering XPa, DCs are rapidly activated and become mature. Mature DCs migrate to the lymph nodes where DCs present antigens to T cells. Following antigen encounter, T cells are activated, proliferate, and differentiate into effector and memory T cells (TCMs and TEMs). When mice are exposed to PAO1 challenge, TEMs help rapidly clear the bacteria