Fig. 4 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 4

From: KRAS mutation: from undruggable to druggable in cancer

Fig. 4

KRAS-mediated immune escape in tumour microenvironment. KRAS mediates immune escape in the tumour macroenvironment by upregulating PD-L1expression, downregulating MHC1expression of tumour cells, and enhancing the secretion of a variety of cytokines and chemokines to recruit immunosuppressive immune cells. The black arrow represents facilitation, and the opposite red arrow represents inhibition. MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg cells: regulatory T cells; IL-10: interleukin-10; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-23: interleukin-23

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