Fig. 2

The differentiation and recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils in COVID-19. The myeloblasts differentiate into neutrophils in the bone marrow and are then recruited by chemokines such as CXCL10, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL8, and CCL20 to the peripheral blood and infected tissues. Pro-monocytes differentiate into monocytes, which migrate into the peripheral blood and infected tissues by binding chemokines such as CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL3. In infected tissues, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, S100A8/A9, ROS, and NETs derived from neutrophils or monocytes were increased and inhibited the immune response to induce pneumonia and lead to blood coagulation disorder