Fig. 7

Endothelial dysregulation as a major contributor to severe COVID-19. Plasma protein concentrations in patient sera were measured by Luminex-based multiplex assay (a) tSNE analysis of 83 plasma protein data from ICU (n = 58). A variance-value cutoff of 0.146 was used to identify significant differences within the ICU cohort. Patients were classified into three subgroups. Green: subgroup 1 (sub1), red: subgroup 2 (Sub2), blue: subgroup 3 (Sub3). b Heatmap of 83 plasma protein from ICU (n = 58). A variance cutoff of 0.146 was used to identify significant differences among the three cohorts. Samples and cytokines were ordered using hierarchical clustering. Blue to yellow scale represents the expression values normalized to mean = 0, var = 1. Missing values are displayed in white. c Distribution of severity markers SOFA, WHO-score, CRP levels, PF ratio, and disease duration (DASO) among the three ICU subgroups. d Mean values of SOFA-, WHO-score, CRP level, PF ratio, and DASO for the three ICU subgroups. e Representative cytokine concentrations from ICU subgroups Sub1 (n = 14), Sub2 (n = 16), and Sub3 (n = 28). Statistical analysis: ANOVA test with Turkey multiple comparison test or Kruskal–Wallis with test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test were performed. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001