Fig. 4

Biological effect of modification on tumor initiation and development. Five groups of PTMs function in cellular biological processes, including altering higher-order chromatin structures to positively or negatively regulate gene transcription, modulating protein attachment on membrane or transcription factors to regulate downstream signal transduction, changing metabolic enzymes and related transcription factors to regulate metabolic reprogramming, as well as remodeling cytoskeleton and cell adhesion system to regulate tumor invasion