Fig. 3
From: Signaling cascades in the failing heart and emerging therapeutic strategies
Non-programmed and programmed cardiomyocyte death in failing heart. Cardiomyocyte death contribute to loss of myocardium, especially after ischemia injury. Different types of programmed cell death are controlled by their specific signaling pathway. Modulating programmed cell death by targeting their signaling pathway can attenuate cardiac dysfunction after ischemia injury. BAX: BCL-2-associated X protein; BAK: BCL2-antagonist/killer 1; cty C: Cytochrome C; FADD: Fas associated death domain; FasL: Fas ligand; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand; IAP, Inhibitor of apoptosis; ARC: Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; TNFR: TNF receptor; TRADD: TNFR1-associated death domain; RIPK1: serine/threonine kinases receptor interacting protein kinase 1; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase-like domain; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; GSDMD: gasdermin D; PNS: perinuclear space; Atg5: Autophagy related 5; Atg3: Autophagy related 3; Tfr: transferrin receptor; TTP: tristetraprolin; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; GSH: glutathione
