Table 1 Immunomodulatory factors and their functions in TME induced by radiation
From: Radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: the dawn of cancer treatment
Factors | Receptors | Function |
|---|---|---|
Chemokines | ||
CXCL2 | CXCR2 | TAM infiltration and differentiation |
CXCL12 | CXCR4, CXCR7 | TAM infiltration and differentiation |
CCL2 | CCR2 | TAM infiltration and differentiation |
Monocyte recruitment | ||
MDSCs recruitment | ||
CCL3, CCL5 | CCR1, CCR4, CCR5/CCR5 | TAM infiltration and differentiation |
CCL7 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 | DCs migration |
CCL21 | CCR7 | DCs migration |
CCL22 | CCR4 | Treg recruitment |
CCL28 | CCR3, CCR10 | Treg recruitment |
Cytokines | ||
TGF-β | TGFβRI, TGFβRII | M1 → M2 TAM polarization |
N1 → N2 TAN polarization | ||
Naive CD4+ T cell into Treg | ||
NK suppression | ||
TNFα | TNFR | T cell proliferation |
T cell action | ||
M1 macrophage polarization | ||
IL-1 | IL-1R | MDSCs induction |
Macrophage recruitment | ||
IL-2 | IL-2R | T cell proliferation and effector function |
IL-4 | IL-4Rα | Macrophage recruitment |
IL-10 | IL-10R | Proinflammatory cytokines inhibition |
Antigen presentation inhibition | ||
Treg action | ||
Macrophage inhibition | ||
IL-12 | IL-12R | DCs migration |
T cell priming | ||
Upregulates MHC I | ||
Promotes CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity | ||
IL-18 | IL-18R | NK enhancement |
IL-33 | IL-33R | Activation of immune cells |
IL-37 | IL-18R | NK suppression |
IFN-β | Type I interferon receptor | N2 → N1 TAN polarization |
IFN-γ | Type II interferon receptor | Proinflammatory cytokine release |
Growth factors | ||
VEGFA | VEGFR-1 | Treg proliferation |
MDSC accumulation | ||
Myeloid cell differentiation | ||
T cell inhibition | ||
CTLA-4, PD-1 expression by CD8+ T cell | ||
PGE2 | Prostanoid E (EP) receptor | Proinflammatory cytokine release |
CSF1 | CSF1-R | TAM mobilization and proliferation |
M1 → M2 TAM polarization | ||
MDSCs recruitment | ||
G-CSF | G-CSF receptor | Neutrophiles mobilization |
