Fig. 5

The therapeutic role of tamoxifen was independent of sex disparity and estrogen receptor. a Dosing scheme of tamoxifen on female C57BL/6 mice fed with MCD diets for 6 weeks. Dose of tamoxifen: 100 mg/kg. b Dosing scheme of tamoxifen combined with ER antagonist-fulvestrant on C57BL/6 mice fed with MCD diets for 6 weeks. Dose of tamoxifen: 100 mg/kg. c Serum analysis of ALT, AST, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL in MCD diets-induced male and female mice administrated with tamoxifen or vehicle. d Comparison of the decreased serum TC, TG, HDL, and LDL concentrations caused by tamoxifen between male and female mice. e Liver sections from male or female MCD diets-induced mice administrated with tamoxifen or vehicle were performed H&E and ORO staining. H&E fat cavitation area and ORO staining area were quantitatively compared. Scale bar: 100 μm. f Hepatic TG measurement in female MCD-induced NASH mice administrated with tamoxifen or vehicle. g Comparison of the decreased H&E fat cavitation area and ORO staining area caused by tamoxifen between male and female mice. h Serum analysis of ALT, AST, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL in male MCD diets-induced mice administrated with tamoxifen or tamoxifen + fulvestrant. i Protein levels of estrogen receptor in liver tissues from NASH mice administrated with tamoxifen w/o fulvestrant were determined by western blotting and quantitatively compared. j Liver sections from male MCD diets-induced mice administrated with vehicle, fulvestrant, tamoxifen or tamoxifen + fulvestrant were performed H&E and ORO staining. H&E fat cavitation area and ORO staining area were quantitatively compared. Scale bar: 100 μm. k Hepatic TG levels were examined on male MCD diets-induced mice administrated with vehicle, fulvestrant, tamoxifen, or tamoxifen + fulvestrant. l Liver sections from female MCD diets-induced mice administrated with vehicle, fulvestrant, tamoxifen or tamoxifen + fulvestrant were performed H&E and ORO staining. H&E fat cavitation area and ORO staining area were quantitatively compared. Scale bar: 100 μm. m Hepatic TG levels were examined on female MCD diets-induced mice administrated with vehicle, fulvestrant, tamoxifen, or tamoxifen + fulvestrant. n WT and ER knockdown AML12 cells were treated with PA for 36 h and then treated with 40 μM tamoxifen for another 36 h. ORO staining and cellular TG measurement were performed. Scale bar:100 μm. Bars = means ± SD; n = 3–6; ns, no significance; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001