Table 2 Different Traditional pharmacotherapies and their mechanism of action and clinical application of drugs
From: Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions
Traditional pharmacotherapy | Mechanism | Drugs | Stage | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1-antihistamine | First-generation | Serve as neutral receptor antagonists or inverse agonists of the histamine H1 receptor, can block the action of histamine | Chlorpheniramine | Marketed | |
Diphenhydramine | Marketed | ||||
Hydroxyzine | Marketed | ||||
Doxepin | Marketed | ||||
Second-generation | Loratadine | Marketed | |||
Cetirizine | Marketed | ||||
Fexofenadine | Marketed | ||||
Rupatadine | Marketed | ||||
Bilastine | Marketed | ||||
Astemizole | No longer approved | ||||
Terfenadine | No longer approved | ||||
Third-generation | Desloratadine | Marketed | |||
Fexofenadine | Marketed | ||||
Levocetirizine | Marketed | ||||
Corticosteroids | Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) | Inhibit a variety of inflammatory genes, including cytokines, inflammatory enzymes, adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediator receptors | Beclomethasone | Marketed | |
Budesonide | Marketed | ||||
Ciclesonide | Marketed | ||||
Fluticasone propionate | Marketed | ||||
Fluticasone furoate | Marketed | ||||
Mometasone furoate | Marketed | ||||
Triamcinolone acetonide | Marketed | ||||
Topical corticosteroids (TCS) | Prednicarbate | Marketed | |||
Futicasone | Marketed | ||||
Mometasone | Marketed | ||||
Systemic corticosteroids (SCS) | Methylprednisolone | Marketed | |||
Combination of H1-antihistamine and nasal corticosteroids | Can block the main cause of direct response and reduce inflammation through significantly different mechanisms | Azelastine hydrochloride [HCl] and fluticasone propionate | Marketed | ||
Leukotrienes (LTS) | 5-LO inhibitors prevent the synthesis of leukotriene A4 by inhibiting the catalytic activity of 5-LO, LTRAs block the cysteinyl LT (cysLT) receptor type 1 directly | Pranlukast | Marketed | ||
Montelukast | Marketed | ||||
Zafirlukast | Marketed | ||||
Other drugs | Mast cell stabilizer | Inhibit the degranulation of allergic mediators | Sodium cromoglicate | Marketed | |
Chromones | Preventive antiallergic drugs | Cromolyn sodium | Marketed | ||
Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors | Promote apoptosis by reducing the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2, which can inhibit neutrophils and eosinophils in vitro | Crisaborole | Marketed | ||
Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) | An inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by T cells and mast cells, reveal antipruritic effects which attributes to a specific effect on TRPV1 neurons in the skin | Tacrolimus | Marketed | ||
Pimecrolimus | Marketed | ||||
Other immunosuppressants | Inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of immune cells and the differentiation of T cells | Azathioprine | Marketed | ||
Cyclosporine A | Marketed | ||||
Bronchodilators | Prevent and relieve bronchoconstriction | Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) | Marketed | ||
Long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) | Marketed | ||||
