Fig. 8
Interactions among cells within the tumor-killing (a) and immunosuppressive (b) TME of PC. Promotive effects are indicated with black arrows, and the suppressive impacts of cells on anticancer immunity are marked with lines in color. Some signaling components are shown near the arrows and lines. CAF cancer-associated fibroblast, CCL C-C motif chemokine ligand, CTLA4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CXCL CXC-chemokine ligand, DC dendritic cell, EVs extracellular vesicles, FGF fibroblast growth factor, GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, HGF hepatocyte growth factor, IDO indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, M1(2) M1(2) macrophage, MCP monocyte chemoattractant protein, MDSC myeloid-derived suppressor cell, MIP-1 macrophage inflammatory protein 1, MMPs matrix metalloproteinases, N2 N2 neutrophil, NE neutrophil elastase, NET neutrophil extracellular trap, NK natural killer, PC pancreatic cancer, PCCs pancreatic cancer cells, PD(-L) programmed death (ligand), PDGF platelet‐derived growth factor, PSC pancreatic stellate cell, RAGE receptor of advanced glycation end products, TGF transforming growth factor, TH T helper (cell), TNF tumor necrosis factor, Treg regulatory T cell, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
