Fig. 1

Stronger oncolytic immunogenicity of engineered OVs. ① When OVs cleave tumor cells, the viral progeny, TSAs, PAMPs, as well as DAMPs are released simultaneously, triggering ICD. ② Meanwhile, innate immunity is initiated, as DCs and NK cells collaborate for tumor clearance. ③ TSAs ingested by APCs soon migrate into lymph nodes, where T cells are activated, which infiltrate primary and metastatic foci to perform adaptive immunity. ④ In addition, engineered OVs are strengthened with the ability to break through ECM barriers, yielding inflammatory factors and chemokines, even reversing the immunosuppressive characteristic of TME. ⑤ In a collaborative effort, the engineered OVs may transform the immunologically “cold” tumor into “hot” tumor, also exerting an upgraded and more powerful antitumor immunity. Created with BioRender.com