Table 1 Features of selected oncolytic viruses
From: Oncolytic virotherapy: basic principles, recent advances and future directions
Herpesvirus | Adenovirus | Vaccinia virus | Reovirus | Coxsackievirus | Seneca Valley virus | Poliovirus | Measles virus | Newcastle disease virus | Vesicular stomatitis virus | |
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Genome | dsDNA 150 kb | dsDNA 36 kb | dsDNA 190 kb | dsRNA123 kb | ss(+)RNA 28 kb | ss(+)RNA 7 kb | ss(+)RNA 7.5 kb | ss(-)RNA 16 kb | ss(-)RNA 15 kb | ss(-)RNA 11k b |
Capsid symmetry | Icosahedral | Icosahedral | Complex | Icosahedral | Icosahedral | Icosahedral | Icosahedral | Icosahedral | Helical | Helical |
Virion | Enveloped | Naked | Complex coats | Naked | Naked | Naked | Naked | Enveloped | Enveloped | Enveloped |
Replication site | Nucleus and cytoplasm | Nucleus and cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm |
Methods of entry | HVEM, nectin-1, nectin 2 | CAR, CD46 | Receptor-mediated endocytosis | JAM-A | CAR/ICAM1/DAF | Endocytosis | CD155 | SLAM, CD46 | Sialic acid | LDLR |
Blood–brain barrier penetration | – | – | – | + | – | + | + | – | + | – |
Advantages | Large genome to insert large fragments and multiple transgenes; drug to shut-off | Feasibility of manufacturing high viral titers; ease of genome manipulation; inherently potent lytic activity | Fast, efficient spreading virus; high-speed life cycle; up to 40kd large gene fragment insertion; enough knowledge due to smallpox | Good adaptability for intravenous injection; displaying no dose-limiting toxicity | Good adaptability for intravenous injection | Nonpathogenic in human | Clinical trial experience | Clinical trial experience | Nonpathogenic in human | High-speed life cycle; nonpathogenic in human |
Disadvantages | Pathogenicity; ubiquitous nAbs | Extensive tissue tropism | Pathogenicity | Rarely gene-editing | Pathogenicity; ubiquitous nAbs | Clinical trials were not entirely satisfactory | Highly pathogenic in neurons of the human | Pathogenicity | Rarely gene-editing | Clinical trials were not entirely satisfactory; rarely gene-editing |
