Table 1 Comparison of viral vectors
Vector | Type of virus(kb) | Genome size(kb) | Genome type | Cargo capacity(kb) | Predominant immune response | Administration route | Strengths | Weaknesses | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vesicular stomatitis virus | Enveloped, RNA | ~11 | Single stranded, negative‐sense, nonsegmented | ~6 | Humoral and cellular immune response | IM, IN, or OR | No concerns of virulence reversion, residual virulence or virus recombination; small and easily manipulated genome; stable expression of foreign genes; rapid replication and high growth titer | Safety concerns | |
Rabies virus | Enveloped, RNA | ~12 | Single stranded, negative‐sense, nonsegmented | ~6.5 | Humoral response in dominant | IM or OR | Small and easily manipulated genome; design as inactivated bivalent vaccines | A potential risk for reversion to virulence; less well immunogenicity than VSV vector | |
Parainfluenza virus | Enveloped, RNA | ~15 | Single-stranded negative-sense, nonsegmented | ~4 | Humoral, cellular and mucosal immune response | IM, IN, or OR | Ideal for paediatric and respiratory diseases; safe; genomic stability | Anti-vector immunity; Safety concerns | |
Measles virus | Enveloped, RNA | ~16 | Single-stranded negative-sense, nonsegmented | ~6 | Humoral, cellular and mucosal immune response | IM, IP or SC | Licensed live-attenuated measles vaccines are effective and safe; lack of genomic integration in the host; established manufacturing infrastructure | Limited challenge models; low viral titers | |
Newcastle disease virus | Enveloped, RNA | ~15 | Single-stranded negative-sense, nonsegmented | ~4 | Humoral and cellular immune response | IM,IN | High growth titers; lack of genomic integration in the host; host restriction; no pre-existing antibody to NDV in the human | Less well immunogenic than other paramyxovirus vector-based vaccines | |
Lentivirus | Enveloped, RNA | ~9.2 | Single-stranded positive-sense, nonsegmented | ~4 | Humoral and cellular immune response | IM,IN | Low anti-vector immunity; less integration into the host genome; Durable immune responses | Safety concerns; potential batch to batch variation in manufacturing | |
Influenza virus | Enveloped, RNA | ~13.5(total), 0.89–2.3 kb per each segment | Single stranded, negative‐sense, segmented | <1.5 | Humoral and cellular immune response | IM, IN | A broad host range; easily manipulated genome; highly attenuated; established manufacturing infrastructure | Limited transgene ability; genetic reassortment; safety concerns | |
Adenovirus | Non-enveloped, DNA | 26–45 | Double-stranded, nonsegmented | ~7.5 | Humoral and cellular immune response | IM, IN, or OR | Well-established; high transduction efficiencies; relative large capacities for transgenes; high titer of production | Anti-vector immunity | |
Poxvirus | Enveloped, DNA | 130–300 | Double-stranded, nonsegmented | ~25 | Low/moderate antibodies response and strong cellular immune response | IM | Packing flexibility of the genome; without genomic integration in the host; expressing VLPs | Existence of the viral immunomodulatory genes |
