Table 4 Vaccines based on parainfluenza virus vector

SARS-CoV

B/HPIV3-S

Hamsters and NHPs

Protected from disease and detectable viral replication

Single dose

\

^159,168

SARS-CoV-2

hPIV2-prS

Mice and hamsters

Protected from disease and detectable viral replication

Single dose; massive spike proteins incorporation; mucosal immunity

Two doses needed to complete protection in nasal turbinates

¹⁶⁰

PIV5-S(CVXGA1)

Mice and ferrets

100% protection or protected from the contact transmission

Single dose; broad spectrum; well-maintained NAbs; mucosal immunity; tissue-resident memory cells

\

^161,164

B/HPIV3-prS

Hamsters and NHPs

Protected from disease and detectable viral replication

Single dose; broad spectrum neutralizing; mucosal immunity; spike proteins incorporation

\

^39,165

HPIV3-S/S1/RBD

Hamsters

Protected from disease and detectable viral replication

Single dose; HPIV3-S was selected as the best construct in terms of immune response; safe

\

^166,167

MERS-CoV

PIV5-S

Mice

100% protection

Single dose

\

^169,170

RSV

B/HPIV3-F

Phase I

Immunogenicity and well-tolerated

Single dose; safe; applicable to infants and children; bivalent

\

^{153,159,172,175,179,535}

PIV5-F/G

Mice, cotton rats and NHPs

Protected from disease and detectable viral replication

Single dose; PIV5-F was selected; applicable for RSV-exposed persons

Pre‐fusion RSV‐F do not enhance immune response

^180,181,182

IFV

PIV5-HA/NP

Mice

67–100% protection

Single dose; broad spectrum; optimized insertion site was selected;

Incomplete protection of NA as immunogen

^{170,183,184,185}

Ebola virus

HPIV3-GP/GP + NP

Guinea pigs and NHPs

100% protection

Single dose; limited effect about pre-existing immunity

Immune response lower than VSV vectored vaccine

^{.137,186,187,188,189}

hPIV2-GP

Mice

NAbs

Low pathogenicity and recurrent infections of parental hPIV2

\

^27,536

Rabies virus

PIV5- G

Mice

50–100% protection

Single dose; protective immune responses via IN, IM, and OR immunization

\

³³⁹