Fig. 5

Provoking IFN-I activation in advance for the robust local reaction and lymph node activation. a GO term enrichment of the differentially expressed genes between iMASE and rMASE. GO analysis of differentially expressed genes within clusters identified the top associated enriched GO terms with corresponding enrichment P values. b Transcriptome analysis of DCs after co-culture with iMASE and rMASE. Representative heatmap showed differentially expressed genes relevant to the IFN-I signaling pathway. c IFN-α concentrations at the injection site over time. d Frequencies of CD40 expressions among the recruited DCs. e CCR-7 expressions among the recruited DCs, indicating the LN tropism. f The DC subsets within lymph nodes. g The bubble plot displays the engagement of the CD40L, germinal center: follicular T helper cells and GC B cells in LN. h Representative images of ICOS and CXCR5 immunofluorescence staining in LN. Sections were stained for anti-mouse CD4 antibody (green) and anti-mouse ICOS (red) antibody. The other sections were stained for anti-mouse CD4 antibody (green) and anti-mouse CXCR5 antibody (pink). Scale bar: 50 μm. i Memory B cell populations within the LN. All data in the graphs were presented as the arithmetic mean ± s.e.m. from three independent experiments. One-way and two-way analyses of variance were conducted with Tukey’s correction for multiple comparisons. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001