Fig. 1

Alterations of the oral and gut mycobiome and cytokines of COVID-19 convalescents after 1-year follow-up. a As estimated by the Shannon index, the α diversity of oral mycobiome gradually increased. b As estimated by the Simpson index, the α diversity of gut mycobiome gradually increased. c With a total of 2912 OTUs found and 271 OTUs shared between the three groups in oral, the HC group had 1560 unique OTUs, significantly higher than the CPR0 and CPR1 groups. d 631 OTUs of a total of 6811 OTUs were shared between the three groups, while 5021 OTUs appeared only in the HC group. The NMDS (e) and PCoA (f) analysis indicated the oral fungal taxonomic composition was conspicuously different in the three groups, and CPR1 gradually approached HC. The NMDS (g) and PCoA (h) analysis showed the gut fungal taxonomic composition was conspicuously different in the three groups, and CPR1 gradually approached HC. Composition of gut mycobiome at the phylum (i) and genus (j) levels in different groups. Comparison of fecal mycobiome at the phylum (k), genus (l) and species (m) levels among three groups. (n) Compared with the CPR0-H group, the POD value of the CPR0-L group in tongue coating samples increased significantly and achieved great diagnostic results in the training set, with an AUC value of 0.8095 (o) (P < 0.05). p Compared with the CPR0-H group, the POD value of the CPR0-L group in fecal samples increased significantly and achieved great diagnostic results in the training set, with an AUC value of 0.9667 (q) (P < 0.05). r Gradual recovery of the cytokines among three groups. OTUs operational taxonomy units; HC healthy controls, CPR0 confirmed patients recover at discharge, CPR1 confirmed patients recover 1 year, NMDS non-metric multidimensional scale analysis, PCoA principal coordinate analysis, POD probability of disease, AUC area under the curve. Data were represented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ns not significant