Table 1 Applications and yields of biosynthesized pharmaceuticals
From: Applications of synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields
| Â | Application | Classification | Production host | Titer (g/L) | Year | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artemisic acid | A precursor of anti-malarial drug artemisinin | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 25 | 2013 | |
Thebaine | Pain management and palliative care | Alkaloids | E. coli/Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 2.1 × 10−3/6.6 × 10−5 | 2016/2015 | |
Hydrocodone | Pain management and palliative care | Alkaloids | E. coli/Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 4 × 10−5/3 × 10−7 | 2016/2015 | |
Codeine | Treat severe pain | Alkaloids | E. coli | 304 µg L−1 OD−1 | 2019 | |
Sitagliptin | Increased insulin secretion | Amines | In vitro | N.A.a | 2010 | |
Ginsenoside Rh2 | Cancer prevention and therapy | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 2.2 | 2019 | |
Ginsenoside compound K | Increased resistance to stress and aging | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 1.4 × 10−3 / 1.17/5.0 | 2014/2020/2021 | |
Guaia-6,10(14)-diene | A precursor of kidney cancer drug Englerin A | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 0.8 | 2020 | |
Taxadiene | A precursor of cancer drug Taxol | Terpenoids | E. coli / Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 1.0 / 8.7 × 10−3 | 2010/2008 | |
Adenosylcobalamin (vitamin B12) | Vital cofactor for human | Corrinoids | E. coli | 307 µg g−1 DCWb | 2018 | |
Baicalein | Neuroprotective agent | Flavonoids | E. coli | 0.02 | 2019 | |
Miltiradiene | A precursor of cardiovascular diseases drug tanshinone | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 0.3 / 3.5 | 2012/2020 | |
Catharanthine | A precursor of anti-cancer drug vinblastine and vincristine | Alkaloids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 2.7 × 10−5 | 2022 | |
Breviscapine | Treat cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases | Flavonoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 0.2 | 2018 | |
Scopolamine | Treat neuromuscular disorders | Alkaloids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 6 × 10−2 | 2020 | |
(S)-tetrahydropalmatine | Use as an analgesic and anxiolytic drug | Alkaloids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 3.6 × 10−6 | 2021 | |
Cannabigerolic acid | A precursor of various cannabinoids; reduce pain without hallucination | Alkaloids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 0.1 | 2019 | |
Triptolide | Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 30.5 μg g−1 | 2020 | |
Psilocybin | Treatment of addiction, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. | Amino acid derivatives | E. coli / Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 1.2 / 0.6 | 2019 / 2020 | |
Monacolin J | A precursor for simvastatin (Zocor), an important drug for treating hypercholesterolemia. | Polyketides | Aspergillus terreus | 4.7 | 2017 | |
Acarbose | Clinically used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes | oligosaccharide | Actinoplanes sp. | 7.4 | 2020 | |
α-Tocoterienol | Natural vitamin E, used as a valuable supplementation | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 0.3 | 2020 | |
Avermectin B1a | Widely used in the field of animal health, agriculture and human health | Polyketides | Streptomyces avermitilis | 6.4 | 2010 | |
Carnosic acid | Potent antioxidant and anticancer agents | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 1 × 10−3 | 2016 | |
Noscapine | Anticancer drug | Alkaloids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 2.2 × 10−3 | 2018 | |
Farnesene | Widely used in industry, a precursor of vitamin E | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 55.4 | 2022 | |
(−)-Deoxypodophyllotoxin | A precursor to anti-cancer drug etoposide | Alkaloids | Nicotiana benthamiana | 4.3 mg/g dry plant weight | 2019 | |
Dencichine | Promote aggregation of platelets | Amino acid derivatives | E. coli | 1.29 | 2022 |
