Fig. 5
From: The mitophagy pathway and its implications in human diseases
Mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy jointly maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated by the PGC-1α-NRF-1/2-TFAM pathway. Elevated AMP activates AMPK, which directly phosphorylates PGC-1α, increasing expression of PGC-1α and TFAM. In addition, AMP can be converted to cAMP, which regulates PGC-1α through the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway. Ca2+ stimulates CaMK to phosphorylate p38 MAPK. Additionally, CaMK can stimulate PGC-1α via CREB. In response to NAD+, Sirt1 deacetylates PGC-1α to activate PGC-1α
