Table 1 Roles of CIN in cancer

From: The two sides of chromosomal instability: drivers and brakes in cancer

Phenotype	Model	CIN indicators	Mechanism	Ref
Tumor-promoting	AAA-Cdc20 heterozygous MEFs	Increased aneuploidy	Weakened SAC function	⁴⁵⁶
Tumor-promoting	Apc^Min/+BubR1^+/–mice	Increased aneuploidy, polyploidy, sister chromatid premature separation	Weakened SAC function	^457,458
Tumor-promoting	AURKA-overexpressed mice	Increased aneuploidy, polyploidy, chromosome missegregation, sister chromatid premature separation	Centrosome amplification	^{459,460,461,462}
Tumor-promoting	BUB1 haploinsufficient mice	Increased aneuploidy and chromosome missegregation	Weakened SAC function	⁴⁶³
Tumor-promoting	BUB3 haploinsufficient MEFs	Increased aneuploidy, sister chromatid premature separation	Weakened SAC function	¹⁹⁹
Tumor-promoting	BUBR1 haploinsufficient mice	Increased polyploidy	Weakened SAC function	^464,465
Tumor-promoting	Cyclin B-overexpressed MEFs	Increased aneuploidy, chromosome missegregation	Prolonged mitotic exit	⁹⁶
Tumor-promoting	CENP-E heterozygous MEFs	Increased aneuploidy, polyploidy, chromosome missegregation	Microtubule-kinetochore attachment error	⁴⁶⁶
Tumor-promoting	HEC1-overexpressed mice	Increased aneuploidy, polyploidy, chromosome breaks	SAC hyperactivation	⁴⁶⁷
Tumor-promoting	MAD1 heterozygous deletion mice	Increased aneuploidy	Weakened SAC function	¹⁰⁶
Tumor-promoting	MAD2 haploinsufficient cells	Increased aneuploidy, sister chromatid premature separation, chromosome missegregation	Weakened SAC function	¹⁰⁷
Tumor-promoting	Securin homozygous deletion mice	Increased aneuploidy, polyploidy, sister chromatid premature separation	Premature sister chromatid separation	^468,469
Tumor-promoting	TPX2 heterozygous mice	Increased aneuploidy, chromosome missegregation,	Disrupted normal microtubule polymerization	⁴⁷⁰
Tumor-promoting	UbcH10-overexpressed mice	Increased aneuploidy, chromosome missegregation, centrosome amplification	Premature sister chromatid separation	^471,472
Tumor-suppressing	CDH1 heterozygous mice	Increased replication stress, aneuploidy, polyploidy,	Prolonged mitosis	⁴⁷³
Tumor-suppressing	STAG1 heterozygous deletion mice	Increased aneuploidy, polyploidy, chromosome missegregation	Impaired sister chromatid segregation	⁴⁷⁴
Tumor-suppressing	MAD2-overexpressed MEFs	Increased aneuploidy, polyploidy, chromosomal breaks	SAC hyperactivation	²²⁰
Tumor-suppressing	α-GSU PTTG-overexpressed mice	Increased aneuploidy, polyploidy, sister chromatid premature separation	Prolonged mitosis	^475,476
Tumor-suppressing	PLK1 overexpressed mice	Increased polyploidy, lagging chromosome, sister chromatid premature separation, micronucleus, cytokinesis failure	SAC hyperactivation	⁴⁷⁷
Tumor-suppressing	MAD2 overexpression	Increased lagging chromosome, micronucleus, polyploidy	SAC hyperactivation	²²⁰
Tumor-suppressing	Ionizing radiation-exposed cells	Increased lagging chromosome, micronucleus	DNA DSBs	²⁷⁷
Tumor-suppressing	Paclitaxel-treated cells	Increased multipolar spindles, lagging chromosome	Prolonged mitosis	⁴⁰⁹

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Table 1 Roles of CIN in cancer

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