Fig. 1

TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy leads to an upregulation of Acsl4. a Diagram depicting the strategy for lipidomics profiling and RNA-seq analysis 3 weeks after performing transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham surgery. Also depicted is cardiac outcome, with TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy progressing to heart failure (Created with BioRender.com). b Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) scores plotted for the lipidomics data for left ventricular tissue in sham-operated and TAC-operated mice (n = 5 mice/group). c Distribution of the indicated classes of metabolites detected in cardiac tissues using targeted lipidomics profiling. d Summary of the relative change in the levels of the indicated lipid classes measured in TAC-operated mice relative to sham-operated mice; upregulated and downregulated lipid species are indicated in red and blue, respectively. Note the break in the y-axis. e Heatmap summarizing the fold change in the relative abundance of the indicated phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) metabolites in sham-operated and TAC-operated mice (n = 5 mice/group). f Schematic diagram (top) depicting the metabolic pathways mediated by ACSL family members, and heatmaps of fragments per kilobase per million mapped fragments (FPKM, bottom left) and log₂ fold change (FC, bottom right) for the indicated Acsl genes based on the RNA-seq data. Western blot analysis (g) and quantification (h) of the indicated proteins in the heart tissue of sham-operated and TAC-operated mice (n = 10 mice/group). i Sections of adult mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes obtained from sham-operated and TAC-operated mice were immunostained for ACSL4 (red); the nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 20 μm. Shown at the right is the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of ACSL4 immunostaining normalized to DAPI intensity measured in the indicated groups (n = 5 mice/group). In this and subsequent figures, unless indicated otherwise summary data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, and ns, not significant (unpaired Student’s t-test)