Fig. 3 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 3

From: Intranasal delivery of a subunit protein vaccine provides protective immunity against JN.1 and XBB-lineage variants

Fig. 3

Combination of intramuscular and intranasal immunization elicits superior mucosal and systemic humoral immune response. a, b NIH mice were intramuscularly injected two doses of RBDXBB.1.5-HR vaccine, followed by one intranasal delivery (2×IM + 1×IN), or injected one dose of RBDXBB.1.5-HR followed by twice intranasal delivery (1×IM + 2×IN). Mice received three intranasal deliveries of intranasal RBDXBB.1.5-HR vaccine (3×IN) were used as control (n = 6 mice per group). Endpoint titers of RBD-specific IgG in sera (c), and IgA and IgG in BALF samples (d). The neutralization against XBB and JN.1-lineage pseudoviruses in sera (e) and BALF samples (f). Data are presented as geometric mean values ± SD in c–f. P values were conducted by One-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison post hoc test in c, d. ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; ns not significant

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