Fig. 5
From: Nucleic acid drugs: recent progress and future perspectives

Schematic of peptide-assisted NADs delivery. a Classes of peptides facilitating the delivery of NADs across biological barriers. b Classes of NADs. c The delivery methods of peptide-based carriers include peptide–oligonucleotide conjugates, peptide-based nanoparticles, and peptides in combination with other delivery systems. d Peptides mediate the entry of NADs into cells and transfer them across the cell membrane, complete endosomal escape, and eventually release NADs in the cytoplasm, mitochondrion, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus