Fig. 1
From: Redox regulation: mechanisms, biology and therapeutic targets in diseases
The brief history of redox signaling and its regulatory mechanisms in diseases. a Brief history of redox signaling research. b Redox signaling regulates human diseases in molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. The molecular level included genome instability, epigenetic alteration, dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy-lysosome pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, and nutrient sensing. The cellular and tissue level contains cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered extracellular environment
