Table 1 Representative redox sensors in the regulation of human diseases
From: Redox regulation: mechanisms, biology and therapeutic targets in diseases
Protein | Site | Modification | Disease | Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATM | Cys2991 | -S-S- | Ataxia-telangiectasia disease | DNA repair | |
RAD51 | Cys319 | -S-S- | Triple-negative breast cancer | DNA repair (HR) | |
XRCC3 | Cys86, Cys328 | -S-S- | Cancer | DNA repair (HR) | |
KU80 | Cys493, Cys638 | -S-S- | Cancer | DNA repair (NHEJ) | |
AAG | Cys167 | R-SNO | Cancer | DNA repair (BER) | |
APE1 | Cys65 | -S-S- | Glioma | DNA repair (BER) biological function | |
APE1 | Cys93, Cys310 | R-SNO | Liver cancer | Subcellular localization | |
APE1 | Cys99 | R-SSG | Cervical cancer | DNA binding and endonuclease activity | |
XRCC1 | Cys12, Cys20 | -S-S- | N.A. | Increasing the binding ability to polβ | |
MGMT | Cys145 | R-GSNO | Glioma | Direct reversal pathway | |
MAT | Cys121 | -S-S- | Liver diseases | Biosynthesis of SAM | |
DnaJb5 | Cys274, Cys276 | -S-S- | Cardiac hypertrophy | Histone acetylation | |
HDAC4 | Cys667, Cys669 | -S-S- | Cardiac hypertrophy | Histone acetylation | |
HDAC8 | Cys102, Cys153 | -S-S- | Neuroblastoma | Histone acetylation | |
RGS proteins | Cys2 | Arg-CysO2(H) | Osteosarcoma, Colon cancer | Degradation by UPS | |
ATG4B | Cys292, Cys361 | -S-S- | Cancer | Attenuating autophagic flux | |
ATG3 | Cys263 | -S-S- | Aging | Attenuating autophagic flux | |
ATG7 | Cys572 | -S-S- | Aging | Attenuating autophagic flux | |
MICU1 | Cys515 | -S-S- | Heart failure | Enhancing calcium uptake by mitochondria | |
AMPK | Cys130, Cys174 | -S-S- | Myocardial ischemia | Inhibiting the activation of AMPK | |
mTOR | Cys1483 | -S-S- | Myocardial ischemia | Inhibiting the activation of mTOR | |
Fyn | Cys488 | N.A. | Skin carcinogenesis | Activating Ras/Raf/MEK cascade | |
ERK1/2 | Cys38, Cys214 | R-SO2/3 | Lung cancer | Promoting interaction between MEK and ERK1/2 | |
ERK1/2 | Cys159 | R-SOH | Melanoma | Promoting crystal packing of ERK2 in the presence of ATP | |
ERK1/2 | Cys183 | R-SNO | Breast cancer, Glioma | Decreasing the dual-phosphorylation of ERK1/2 on T183 and Y185 | |
PTEN | Cys124, Cys71 | -S-S- | Cancer | Activation of PI3K/Akt pathway | |
LAP-β | Met253 | N.A. | Breast cancer | Activating TGF-β1 | |
YAP | Cys303, Cys310, Cys315, Cys598, Cys620, Cys629 | -S-S- | N.A. | Forming 1 to 4 disulfide bonds and activating YAP | |
p38 MAPK | Cys119, Cys162 | -S-S- | Myocardial ischemia | Promoting the interaction between MKK3 | |
HIF-1α | Pro402, Pro564 | R-OH | Cancer | Recruiting VHL for ubiquitin-dependent degradation | |
HIF-1α | Asn803 | R-OH | Cancer | Blocking p300/CBP binding | |
Integrin β3 | Cys560-Cys583, Cys523-Cys544 | -S-S- | Thrombosis | Inactivation of integrins | |
Vitronectin | Cys137-Cys161, Cys274-Cys453 | -S-S- | Thrombosis | Promoting its interaction with integrin β3 | |
P50 | Cys62 | -SSG | N.A. | Impeding its binding to DNA | |
IL-2R | Cys183-Cys232 | -S-S- | N.A. | Facilitate the binding of IL-2 to its receptor | |
KEAP1 | Cys151, Cys273, Cys288 | N.A. | Acute inflammatory responses | Decreasing ubiquitin E3 ligase activity |
