Fig. 4
Energy metabolism in ischemic heart disease and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Under physiological conditions, the heart primarily relies on the oxidation of fatty acids entering the TCA cycle for energy supply. In various disease states (a ischemic heart disease and b ischemia-reperfusion injury), changes in cardiac energy metabolism led to increased production of ROS, ultimately affecting mitochondrial function and resulting in decreased ATP production, which impacts the heart’s ability to perform its functions. FAO fatty acid oxidation, PFK phosphofructokinase, BCAA branched-chain amino acids, HK hexokinase, PK pyruvate kinase, ACS acyl-CoA synthetase
