Table 4 Pharmacological treatment of autoimmune diseases
Drug | Mechanism | Results | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
CG-5 | Inhibit glucose transport | Inhibit Th1 and Th17 differentiation | Alleviate RA |
2-DG | Competitive binding HK2 | Inhibit immune cell activation | Alleviate arthritis. |
Metformin | Activate AMPK, Akt/mTOR | Inhibit FLSs | Alleviate arthritis, SLE |
Lonidamine | Inhibit HK1 and HK2 | Restore anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype | Alleviate joint damage |
3-Br-PA | Inhibit HK1 and SDH | / | Alleviate arthritis |
Repaglinide | Activate mTOR | Promote Treg differentiation and function, inhibit Th17 cells | Alleviate RA |
Iguratimod | Inhibit HIF-1α-HK2 axis | Inhibit Tfh cell function | Alleviate RA |
MitoTempo | Improve mitochondrial oxidative stress | Reduce neutrophil NETosis | Alleviate SLE |
NAC | Boost mitochondrial membrane potential in T cells | Reduce T cell proliferation | Alleviate SLE |
BZ-423 | Increase ROS and promote apoptosis | Inhibit overactive autoreactive T cells | Alleviate SLE |
Tofacitinib | Inhibit JAK-STAT pathway | Inhibit FLSs | Alleviate RA |
Cyclosporine | Target MAPK pathway mediated OXPHOS and FAO | Inhibit Th17 cell response, promote Treg cell proliferation | Alleviate RA, SLE |
Tacrolimus | Impact ETC complexes II and III to inhibit mitochondrial function | Promote T cell senescence | SLE |
Mycophenolate | Promote mitochondrial ROS production | Enhance Treg cell activity | Alleviate SLE |
Celastrol | Enhance FAO | Promote Treg cell differentiation | Alleviate RA |
Abacavir | Enhance FAO and Foxp3 acetylation | Promote Treg cell differentiation | Alleviate RA |
