Fig. 1

Cancer chemoprevention occurs through cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Cancer prevention can be effective throughout the entire process of cancer initiation and development. Primary chemoprevention can be achieved by altering diet, lifestyle habits, and increasing exercise to avoid or reduce exposure to known carcinogenic factors (chemical carcinogens such as formaldehyde, nitrosamine benzene, aflatoxin, etc.; physical carcinogenic factors, such as ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, etc.; viruses such as human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, etc., and family genetic factors). Secondary chemoprevention helps suppress and reverse cancer. Tertiary chemoprevention aims to reduce the risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis, improve the quality of life and survival rate of patients. This figure was created with BioRender.com