Fig. 3

Activated HIF-1 signaling pathway and ERBB2 factor in MUKDEN I subtype. a The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) enrichment analysis of HIF-1 signaling pathway in MUKDEN I subtype cohort. b Volcano plot of differential genes between MUKDEN I and other subtypes. c Boxplot showing the expression levels of HIF-1 signaling pathway genes (ERBB2, CASP14, PFKP, and HIF1A) among four subtypes. Boxplots show median (central line), upper and lower quartiles (box limits), 1.5× interquartile range (whiskers). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, no significance. d Expression of ERBB2 in pCR and non-pCR patients for all subtypes (left) and MUKDEN I subtype (right). e Results of the cell viability assay testing the efficacy of HIF-1 inhibitor on patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from different MUKDEN subtypes. Three technical replicates were performed for each condition to ensure consistency and reproducibility of results. Scale bar: 200 μm