Fig. 3

The expression of five host factors promoted SARS-CoV-2 frameshifting. a Schematic representation of the luciferase frameshift reporter construct. Renilla luciferase and Firefly luciferase were separated by the SARS-CoV-2 -1 FSE sequence. The ratio of Firefly to Renilla luciferase (F/R) was used to quantify the level of frameshifting. b The F/R ratio of HEK293T cells transfected with the pHRF-FSE(-1) luciferase reporter vector were cotransfected with the empty vector (Con) or gene overexpression vector (n = 3). c The F/R ratio of HEK293T cells transfected with the pHRF-FSE(-1) luciferase reporter vector were cotransfected with the negative control siRNA or gene knockdown siRNA (n = 5). For all figures, experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results. Data points represent the mean ± SEM. Multiple comparisons were performed using ANOVA with Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001