Fig. 3

[Longitudinal clinical study] Prefrontal GABA normalization and PTSD symptom improvement in trauma-exposed individuals. a PTSD symptom severity, assessed by the CAPS scores, showed significant improvement from baseline to the 8-month follow-up. b Prefrontal GABA levels in the trauma-exposed group normalized to the levels observed in the trauma-unexposed group by the time of follow-up assessment. c Prefrontal CBF levels increased over time in the trauma-exposed group. d Limbic CBF levels in the trauma-exposed group showed a decreasing trend, but the change was not statistically significant. e In the trauma-exposed group, decreases in prefrontal GABA levels over time were correlated with an improvement in PTSD symptoms. Error bars in the graphs indicate standard errors of the mean. Abbreviations: CAPS Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale for DSM-5, FU follow-up, GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid, CBF normalized resting-state cerebral blood flow, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder