Table 1 Effects of lipid metabolites on immune cell activation and inhibition

Lipids in microenvironment

SCFAs

M1 macrophage (-), M2 macrophage (+)

^50,51,52,53

M2 macrophage (-)

⁵³

Thymic Treg cell (+)

⁴⁶

Treg cell (+)

¹¹⁷

Th1 and Th17 (+)

⁴⁹

Plasma B cell (+)

⁴⁴

IL-10⁺ B cell (+)

⁴⁵

Neutrophil (+)

^60,61

DC (+)

⁶²

Mast cell (-)

^63,64

LCFAs

Macrophage (+)

^83,84,85,86

CD4⁺ T cell (-)

^66,67,68,69

Treg (+), Th2 and Th1 (-)

^71,72,79

Th2 (+)

⁵²¹

CD8⁺ T cell (+)

⁸⁰

Th1 and Th17 (+)

⁸¹

Neutrophil (+)

⁷⁵

DC (-)

⁷⁶

Mast cell (-)

⁷⁸

Cholesterol

Macrophage (+)

⁸⁸

Microglial (+)

^98,99

CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells (+), Treg (-)

¹⁰⁰

CD4⁺ T cell and Tfh cell (+)

¹⁰¹

Neutrophil (+)

¹⁰³

Neutrophil (-)

¹⁰⁵

DC (-)

¹⁰⁶

Eosinophil (+)

¹⁰⁷

Bile acids

M1 macrophage (+)

¹⁰⁹

Treg (+), Th17 (-)

^{112,113,114,117}

RORγ⁺ Treg (+)

^114,118

Neutrophil (-)

¹²⁰

Eosinophil (+)

¹²⁴

Mast cell (+)

¹²¹

Mast cell (-)

^122,123

Membrane lipids

Phosphatidic acids

Memory CD8⁺ T cell (+)

¹³⁵

Neutrophil (+)

^132,133

DC (+)

¹⁴⁷

Eosinophil (+), Basophil (+), Mast cell (+)

^149,150,151

S1P

M1 macrophage (-), M2 macrophage (+)

¹⁵⁸

CD4⁺ T cell (-)

^164,165

Neutrophil (+)

¹⁶⁷

Mast cell (+)

^168,169

Lipid rafts

B cell (+)

^173,174,175

T cell (+)

¹⁸⁵

Intracellular programs

De novo lipid synthesis

CD8⁺ T cell (+)

²⁶⁵

Treg (+), Th17 (-)

²⁶⁸

Th2 (+)

²⁶⁷

B cell (+)

^190,191

IL-10⁺ B cell (+)

¹⁹⁵

GC B cell (+)

¹⁹⁰

Neutrophil (+)

^207,208

DC (+)

²⁰⁹

FAO pathway

Central memory CD8⁺ T cell (+)

^211,212,213

Effector CD8⁺ T cell (-)

²¹⁷

TRM T cell (+)

²¹⁸

GC B cell (+)

²²²

Neutrophil (+)

^227,228

DC (+)

²²⁹

Mevalonate pathway

B cell (+)

^192,202

IL-10⁺ B cell (+)

¹⁹⁵

Treg (-)

²³³

Senescent T cell (+)

³¹

Treg (+)

²⁰⁴

Th1 (+), cytolytic T cell (+)

²⁰⁶

Lipid droplets

Treg (-)

²⁴¹

Senescent T cell (+)

²³³

DC (+)

^242,243

SPMs

RvD1

IgM⁺ IgG⁺ B cell (+)

⁴⁷⁵

IgE⁺ B cell (-)

⁴⁷⁵

Treg (+)

⁴⁷⁸

Th1, Th17 (-)

⁴⁷⁷

Neutrophil (-)

⁴⁸²

RvD2

Th1, Th17 (-)

⁴⁷⁷

Treg (+)

⁴⁷⁸

RvD3

Th1, Th17 (-)

⁴⁷⁷

RvE1

Th17, Th2(-)

⁴⁷⁹

Neutrophil (+)

⁴⁸¹

17-HDHA

IgM⁺ IgG⁺ B cell (+)

⁴⁷⁵

IgE⁺ B cell (-)

⁴⁷⁵

LXA4

Th1, Th17 (-)

⁴⁷⁷

LXB4

Th1, Th17 (-)

⁴⁷⁷

MaR1

Th1, Th17 (-)

⁴⁷⁷

Treg (+)

⁴⁷⁸

Protectins, Maresins, D-series resolvins

Macrophage (+)

⁴⁷⁶

Others

PPARs

VAT Treg (+)

⁴³⁵

DC (-)

^257,458

Eosinophil (-)

²⁵⁸

SREBPs

CD8⁺ T cell (+)

²⁶⁵

Intratumoral Treg (+)

²⁰³

FABPs

TRM T cell (+)

^219,220,221

Treg (+)

²²²