Fig. 7

High fructose-induced TGF-β activation is involved in fructose-induced Th17 cell differentiation. a Naïve T cells were cultured in glucose medium or fructose medium for 24 h, then the production of ROS was determined (n = 3). b–d Naïve T cells were cultured in cDMEM containing indicated concentrations of glucose or fructose for 3 days (n = 3). b, c Frequencies of Th17 cells in T cells post 3 days culture. d Frequencies of RORγt⁺CD4⁺ T cells in T cells post 3 days culture under indicated cell culture conditions. Naïve T cells were cultured in glucose medium or fructose medium for 3 days, with or without indicated cytokines and reagents (n = 3). e, f Frequencies of Th17 cells (e) and RORγt⁺CD4⁺ T cells (f) in T cells cultured under indicated cell culture conditions. g Naïve T cells were cultured in indicated media for 24 h, then the production of ROS was determined (n = 3). Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t tests were used to calculate statistical significance. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001