Fig. 3

KDS12025 effectively reduces AD- and PD-like pathology in vitro. a Representative Lattice-SIM images showing the colocalization of a mitochondrial marker (MitoTracker), Hbβ, and DAPI in cultured astrocytes. b Schematic diagram of Aβ, putrescine (a precursor of MAOB-dependent H₂O₂ production), or 6-OHDA-induced aberrant H₂O₂ in astrocytes. c Timeline of 40-h live H₂O₂ imaging using an oROS-G probe in Aβ-, putrescine-, or 6-OHDA-incubated cultured hippocampal astrocytes. d DCFDA assay in cultured astrocytes treated with various concentrations of Aβ₄₂ (0, 1, 5, or 10 μM; n values indicate the number of wells). e Measurement of Aβ-induced ROS, including H₂O₂ levels, in cultured astrocytes treated with KDS12008 (10 µM), KDS12017 (10 µM), KDS12025 (10 µM), HTPEB (10 µM), or sodium pyruvate (1 mM). f oROS-G fluorescence assay in cultured astrocytes expressing oROS-G treated with Aβ₄₂ (0, 1, 5, or 10 μM) to assess the level of intracellular H₂O₂. g Dose‒response curve of KDS12025 in Aβ (5 µM)-treated astrocytes. 40-h continuous H₂O₂ imaging using an oROS-G probe following oligomerized Aβ (5 μM, h) and putrescine (180 μM, i) treatment, with the administration of KDS12025 (10 μM) and sodium pyruvate (1 mM). j oROS-G assay in cultured astrocytes treated with 6-OHDA (10, 30, 50 μM). k Live-cell H₂O₂ imaging via an oROS-G probe following treatment with the oligomerized 6-OHDA (30 μM), KDS12025, and sodium pyruvate. n values in oROS-G indicate the number of cells. The data are presented as the means ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns not significant. Additional statistics are provided in Supplementary Table 8