Fig. 1

Aβ accumulates in the skull BM of patients with AD and AD model mice. a ¹⁸F-92 and ¹⁸F-AV45 PET/CT scanning analysis of Aβ deposition in the brain and bone marrow. Images demonstrating the uptake of the PET tracers in the body bone marrow of the non-AD dementia group and AD dementia group. The white arrows indicate the cranial parietal spine, lumbar spine, iliac crest and femur. b, c Quantitative measurement standardized uptake values of the skull, ilium, lumbar, and femur (b) and subregions of the skull (c) (SUVr). n = 8 and 18 skulls and subregions of the skull for non-AD dementia patients and AD dementia patients, respectively. n = 4 and 12 ilium, lumbar, and femur for non-AD dementias and AD dementias patients, respectively. d, e Hypersensitive ELISA analysis of Aβ₄₂ in the supernatant of skull and femur bone marrow from 5 × FAD mice (d), APP/PS1 mice (e) and littermates of WT counterparts. n = 6–8 mice per group. f Immunohistochemical staining showing Aβ deposition in the skull bone marrow of 5-month-old WT (top) and 5 × FAD (bottom) mice. The data are expressed as the means ± SEMs. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test was used