Fig. 1 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 1

From: Pyruvate kinase M2-mediated histone lactylation alters three-dimensional genomic architecture in polycystic ovary syndrome

Fig. 1

Proteomic analysis of luteinized granulosa cells (GCs) in PCOS, and the association of PKM2 with PCOS was analyzed via the MR approach. a The proteomics workflow included protein extraction from luteinized GCs. b Dot plot of gene enrichment pathways for proteins enriched in patients with PCOS. c Heatmap of metabolic enzymes related to glycolysis or other metabolic processes (upregulated proteins shown in red) in luteinized GCs from control (n = 4) and PCOS (n = 8) patients. Peptide levels were determined via proteomics analysis. p < 0.05 and fold change ≥ 1.3. d Western blot showing the PKM1 and PKM2 expression patterns in human reproductive-related cells or organs (n = 3). e Flow chart of the two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using GWAS genetic data to investigate the causal relationship between glycolytic enzymes and PCOS (partially created with BioRender.com). f Scatter plots showing estimates of the risk of PCOS according to significant metabolic enzyme exposure during glycolysis. g Forest plot demonstrating significant MR results for key enzymes involved in glycolysis that may impact the risk of PCOS. The effect estimates represent the ORs for PCOS per 1-SD increment in PKM2. The error bars represent 95% CIs. h Forest plots illustrating the genetically predicted MR effect sizes of individual and combined SNPs for each exposure–outcome pair. i IVW MR regression results for the leave one SNP out analysis in the sensitivity analysis of PKM2. PKM2 pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2, IV inverse variance, IVW inverse variance weighted, MR Mendelian randomization, SNP single-nucleotide polymorphism

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