Fig. 5

Combination therapy promotes the expansion of CD69+ CD8+ Trm and TCF1+ CD8+ Tstem cells. a Left, UMAP visualization of cell clusters from six samples across three groups: Vector plus IgG, NeoViron plus IgG, and NeoViron plus anti-PD-1. Right, bar plot showing the proportions of different cell clusters in each group. b UMAP visualization of CD8+ T-cell subsets. c Violin plots representing the expression levels of marker genes for each CD8+ T-cell subset. d Alluvial plot showing the amounts of each CD8+ T-cell subset across different groups. e Pseudotime trajectory analysis of CD8+ T-cell subsets generated by Monocle 3. f Violin plots representing the expression levels of Gzmb and Prf1 in each CD8+ T-cell subset across different groups. g Circle plot depicting the interaction weights between cDC1s and each CD8+ T-cell subset generated by CellChat. h Dot plot of ligand‒receptor interactions between cDC1s and each CD8+ T-cell subset. i Representative multiplex immunofluorescence images showing tumor-infiltrating CD69+ CD8+ Trm and TCF1+ CD8+ Tstem cells in different groups. j Representative multiplex immunofluorescence images showing the CD8+ Trm and Tstem cell infiltration levels in the ICC and HCC cohorts. k RFS curves of the Trm high and low groups. Log-rank Mantel‒Cox test