Abstract
Short timescale observations are valuable for understanding microbial ecological processes. We assessed dynamics in relative abundance and potential activities by sequencing the small sub-unit ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA gene) and rRNA molecules (rRNA) of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota once to twice daily between March 2014 and May 2014 from the surface ocean off Catalina Island, California. Typically Ostreococcus, Braarudosphaera, Teleaulax, and Synechococcus dominated phytoplankton sequences (including chloroplasts) while SAR11, Sulfitobacter, and Fluviicola dominated non-phytoplankton Bacteria and Archaea. We observed short-lived increases of diatoms, mostly Pseudo-nitzschia and Chaetoceros, with quickly responding Bacteria and Archaea including Flavobacteriaceae (Polaribacter & Formosa), Roseovarius, and Euryarchaeota (MGII), notably the exact amplicon sequence variants we observed responding similarly to another diatom bloom nearby, 3 years prior. We observed correlations representing known interactions among abundant phytoplankton rRNA sequences, demonstrating the biogeochemical and ecological relevance of such interactions: (1) The kleptochloroplastidic ciliate Mesodinium 18S rRNA gene sequences and a single Teleaulax taxon (via 16S rRNA gene sequences) were correlated (Spearman r = 0.83) yet uncorrelated to a Teleaulax 18S rRNA gene OTU, or any other taxon (consistent with a kleptochloroplastidic or karyokleptic relationship) and (2) the photosynthetic prymnesiophyte Braarudosphaera bigelowii and two strains of diazotrophic cyanobacterium UCYN-A were correlated and each taxon was also correlated to other taxa, including B. bigelowii to a verrucomicrobium and a dictyochophyte phytoplankter (all r > 0.8). We also report strong correlations (r > 0.7) between various ciliates, bacteria, and phytoplankton, suggesting interactions via currently unknown mechanisms. These data reiterate the utility of high-frequency time series to show rapid microbial reactions to stimuli, and provide new information about in situ dynamics of previously recognized and hypothesized interactions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for funding (Grant Number: 3779) and their support of this project. We thank the Scholin Lab at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute for deployment, data acquisition, quality control, and help with experimental design. In particular we thank Christina Preston, Roman Marin III, James Birch, Scott Jensen, Brent Roman, Bill Ussler, and Kevan Yamahara for their help with the ESP, and Charlotte Eckmann for valuable comments on the manuscript. We thank the Wrigley Institute of Environmental Studies for logical support, especially Gordon Boivin. We thank the National Science Foundation for financial support (Grant Number: 1136818).
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Needham, D.M., Fichot, E.B., Wang, E. et al. Dynamics and interactions of highly resolved marine plankton via automated high-frequency sampling. ISME J 12, 2417–2432 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0169-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0169-y
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