Fig. 1

Arsenic methylation and demethylation in three paddy soils. The effects of molybdate and BES on the dynamics of DMAs (a–c), SO42− (d–f) in porewater, CH4 (g–i) production from soils and the abundance of dsr (j), arsM (k), mcrA (l) transcripts of CZ (a, d, g, j), QY (b, e, h, k), and XY (c, f, i, l) paddy soils. Transcript levels of functional genes were quantified on day 14 after incubation. Data are means ± SE (n = 3). * in (j, k, l) denotes significant difference at P < 0.05 (Tukey’s test)