Abstract
The Archaea Marine Group II (MGII) is widespread in the world’s ocean where it plays an important role in the carbon cycle. Despite recent discoveries on the group’s metabolisms, the ecology of this newly proposed order (Candidatus Poseidoniales) remains poorly understood. Here we used a combination of time-series metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and high-frequency 16S rRNA data from the NW Mediterranean Sea to test if the taxonomic diversity within the MGIIb family (Candidatus Thalassarchaeaceae) reflects the presence of different ecotypes. The MAGs’ seasonality revealed a MGIIb family composed of different subclades that have distinct lifestyles and physiologies. The vitamin metabolisms were notably different between ecotypes with, in some, a possible link to sunlight’s energy. Diverse archaeal proteorhodopsin variants, with unusual signature in key amino acid residues, had distinct seasonal patterns corresponding to changing day length. In addition, we show that in summer, archaea, as opposed to bacteria, disappeared completely from surface waters. Our results shed light on the diversity and the distribution of the euryarchaeotal proteorhodopsin, and highlight that MGIIb is a diverse ecological group. The work shows that time-series based studies of the taxonomy, seasonality, and metabolisms of marine prokaryotes is critical to uncover their diverse role in the ocean.
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Acknowledgements
The work of PEG was supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through the projects EUREKA (ANR-14-CE02-0004-01). We are grateful to the captain and the crew of the RV ‘Nereis II’ for their help in acquiring the samples. We thank the “Service d’Observation”, particularly Eric Maria and Paul Labatut, for their help in obtaining and processing of the samples. We extend our acknowledgments to all the researchers that were involved in working with the time series over the years.
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Pereira, O., Hochart, C., Boeuf, D. et al. Seasonality of archaeal proteorhodopsin and associated Marine Group IIb ecotypes (Ca. Poseidoniales) in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. ISME J 15, 1302–1316 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00851-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00851-4
