Fig. 1: Cascading effects of precipitation manipulation on Brandt’s voles in enclosures.

The roles of precipitation manipulation in forage availability and diet composition of voles (a, b). LP light precipitation supplementation group; MP medium precipitation supplementation group; SR S. runcinata; MS M. sativa; PD P. dentosa; CE C. enervis; CS C. squarrosa; LC L. chinensis; SK S. krylovii. Different letters indicate significant differences between the treatments (P < 0.05). c The roles of precipitation manipulation in L. brandtii gut microbiota community structure (Chao1 index). d Constrained PCoA plot of OTU-level Bray-Curtis distances between samples from control, LP, and MP. e Responses of L. brandtii gut microbiota to precipitation manipulation. Cladogram representing the bacterial biomarkers found to be significantly associated with precipitation manipulation by LEfSe (LDA > 2; P < 0.05). f Differences in L. brandtii body growth across different precipitation manipulation treatments from July to October (ns non-significance; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01).